Types of circulation
- Annual - the sum of the editions, published in the year under review in the publishing house, country, as well as the sum of the circulations of all issues of the periodical for the year.
- Additional, or reprint circulation - production soon after the delivery of the main circulation to the bookselling network within the same calendar year, which was not planned in advance, unlike a factory, additional circulation due to unsatisfied demand. The term has had a lot of meaning in the years, when it was required to distinguish when paying royalties for a work, which did not have a circulation rate, reprint from reprint. Then the additional print run was considered to be an additional print run., made within the year of the main circulation, and additional circulation, manufactured next year, even in the absence of any changes, - republishing. Now, when paying royalties as a percentage of the publishing house's income, print run time does not matter. With a fixed amount of royalties, when a maximum circulation is required by law, overprinting a print run in excess of it will already be considered a reprint, requiring a new copyright agreement and a new copyright fee. For statistics of printing the circulation of the book, produced in the next year after the main circulation, considered a reprint. In the graduation data, information about the circulation is accompanied by words in parentheses: (reprint circulation) or (add. circulation).
- General - the sum of the editions, issued by the publishing house (or several) for a certain period (the total number of copies in circulation of all these publications).
- Trial - the original circulation of the publication, issued in order to determine the demand for it and, if successful, to make an additional edition, to meet emerging demand, or in case of failure, limit yourself to the cost of only a trial run.
- One-time - circulation of one issue, numbers, periodical volumes.
- Middle - quotient of dividing the sum of the print runs of all the publications under consideration by their number.
History
Books of the early period of printing of the 15th-16th centuries, so-called incunabula, usually had a circulation up to 500 copies. Circulation of the first Russian book, "Apostle" 1564 of the year, defined in different ways - from 600 to 2000 copies. In the 17th century, the standard circulation of Russian books was established in 1200 copies (one hundred dozen, t. n. "exit"). Many popular publications have exceeded this number., eg "ABC" by Burtsov 1634 of the year came out with a huge circulation of 6000 copies. Despite the general development of the printing business, the circulation of books remained low until the 1880s - 1200 or 2400 copies.
Circulation of periodicals (magazines, almanacs, newspapers) were also insignificant. The average circulation of the magazine at the beginning of the 19th century was 500 copies, just some magazines, such as "Library for reading", "Northern Bee" or "Notes of the Fatherland", reached records of 3-5 thousand. In the second half of the 19th century, circulation gradually increased: the average circulation of a thick magazine was 3-5 thousand. copies, thin - to 50 thous., newspapers - to 25 thousand. By this period, book supplements to magazines became the main popularizers of literature., whose circulation, such as "Rodina", reached to 120 thousand.
The circulation of the first Russian newspaper "Vedomosti" ranged from 30 to 4000 copies. By the 1890s, the circulation of individual newspapers reached 50-70 thousand. copies, after the 1905-1907 revolution, newspaper circulation increased even more, reaching the western European level.
